Research tools
Digital Corpus
Digital Corpus
Invisible East has developed a Digital Corpus that contains searchable data on nearly 1,200 documents and local texts from the wider Islamicate East dating to between the 8th and 13th centuries CE. These include: meta-data in all instances, and in a smaller set, full transcriptions, translations, and commentary. The texts vary in type, including documents (for example sales deeds, marriage contracts, land survey reports, tax receipts, debt acknowledgements, administrative and personal letters), literary and poetic fragments, texts of a historical, religious or legal nature, and other miscellanea. The Digital Corpus is searchable by administrative, military and legal titles, offices and processes; agricultural terms, currencies and denominations; documentation terms; geographic administrative units; markings; measurement units; and religions. All data will be publicly accessible in accordance with ERC requirements.
Inventories
Maps and timelines
Videos
Striking Gold
The film, Striking Gold: The Discovery of Medieval documents from Afghanistan is about the discovery, safeguarding, deciphering, and analysis of the fascinating Firuzkuh Papers.
Written in Afghanistan’s Ghalmin area of Ghur in the 12th-13th century CE, the Firuzkuh Papers reveal rare details of the lives of agriculturalists and other rural communities in the medieval Islamicate world, and how historians can learn of the interactions between local communities and the administration of the vast Ghurid empire that reigned over parts of today’s Iran, Afghanistan, and the Indian subcontinent in the 12th-13th century.
With rare footage from the ground collected through interviews with local residents in the Ghalmin area of Afghanistan who found the documents, Striking Gold also tells a story of the extreme challenges of heritage protection and history writing in Afghanistan.
Striking Gold was produced, directed, and edited in 2024 by the Invisible East programme in Oxford. We hope you enjoy the film!
https://www.youtube.com/embed/HyhBiY7_hG8?si=Dkj7damnzqL6QwrNFuture Philology: Digitisation and Beyond
Online symposium organised by the Invisible East programme, 30 Sept - 1 Oct 2021 At present, philology--the old art of reading slowly and carefully--is reinventing itself to become a discipline equipped with database technology. Scholars are setting up digital corpora of documents and manuscripts of various periods and regions. These digital corpora not only made precious historical sources much more accessible to academia, but also opened up new avenues of research on their content as well as their materiality. The Invisible East Programme at Oxford University is contributing to this field by creating, for the first time, a multilingual digital corpus of documents from the pre-Mongol Islamicate East. This region includes Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia, in which documents were written in, inter alia, (Judeo-)Persian, Arabic, Middle Persian, Bactrian, Sogdian, and Khotanese. We are now inviting scholars working on databases of documents from the ancient and medieval world to share their experiences and insights.
Opening remarks (Zhang Zhan and Arezou Azad)
1-1: Beyond Neural Networks: eScriptorium as an Edition Environment (Daniel Stoekl)
1-2: Tocharica Digitalia (Hannes Fellner)
2-1: Trismegistos: Connecting Texts from the Ancient World (Mark Depauw)
2-2: Basic principles for corpus organization (Maxim Romanov)
2-3: Just about everything pre-1517 (Ursula Hammed)
2-4: Digital Library Organization and Accessibility (Émilie Pagé-Perron)
3-2: Visualization and Search of Zoroastrian Manuscripts
3-3: Data-Driven Modeling: Building Data Models from Ancient ‘Archives'
3-4: Digital Etymology on Screen: Some Basic Principles
3-5: Analyzing and editing medieval astronomical tables
4-1: The Giza Project at Harvard University
4-2: The Princeton Geniza Project: Crowdsourcing and Interoperability
Rethinking History: Returning to Archives and Documents
The Elahé Omidyar Mir-Djalali Institute of Iranian Studies and the Invisible East Programme at the University of Oxford present a new series of monthly online seminars about archives and documents.
In Search of Urban Geopolitics: Deep Mapping Tehran's Lalehzar District by Ida Meftahi
Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran by Afsaneh Najmabadi
The Village and the Archive: Documents in Iranian Languages by Arezou Azad
The Arabic Documents from Early Islamic Khurasan by Geoffrey Khan
Slavery in Eastern Iranian Regions: The Case of Late Antique Bactria by Said Reza Huseini
Presence and Silence: The Iran Archives in the German Foreign Office Jennifer Jenkins
The Archival Remnants or Art by Shabnam R. Golkhandan
Bilingual Texts from India: Combining Arabic and Persian with Indic Languages by Eva Orthmann
Archival History of Iran-Canada Relations [تاریخ روابط ایران و کانادا: جستوجو درد آرشیوهای ایران] lecture in Persian by Javad Abbasi
Of Petitions,Taxes and Democratization: Constitutionalism and the Public in Iran by Naderi Sohrabi
Persian and Persianate Documents from al-Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem by Zahir Bhalloo
Gulistan Harem Histories: Gender in the Qajar Archives by Leila Pourtavaf
Bactrian Documents and Archives by Nicholas Sims Williams
Sex and the Subject of Law in the National Archives of Iran by Jairan Gahan
Islamicate Manuscripts and Texts (IMaT)
This iteration of the Islamicate Manuscripts and Texts (IMaT) colloquium focussed on literary and documentary letters from the Islamicate world and adjacent areas in space and time, written in various languages including Arabic, New Persian, Middle Persian, and Sogdian. Issues explored included: the relationship between literary and documentary/private letters; the transmission of epistolary formulae and topoi over time, and between political units, languages, and religious communities; the various ways letters can be useful as sources for historians.
1: The Sogdian epistolary tradition in the early 8th century by Adam Benkato
https://www.youtube.com/embed/M_HYsnURCeg4: Letters from the Bahmani Sultanate (ca. 1450-1480) by Meia Walravens
Other videos
Hidden Treasures of the Persian Collections
MOOC: Afghanistan from Buddhism to Islam
In this series of five lectures, speakers will discuss various aspects of the life and culture of Afghanistan between the 8th and 13th century. Lectures: The Buddhas of Bamiyan, with Llewelyn Morgan Rural Life in Medieval Bamiyan, with Arezou Azad Connecting Worlds: The Shansabanis of Afghanistan, with Alka Patel Islamisation, a closer look, with Majid Montazer Mahdi A Day in Late Antique Bactria (In Persian), with Reza Huseini
1: Afghanistan from Buddhism to Islam
https://www.youtube.com/embed/FSO7VFltVo0?si=gwBuAwdR-_GDZB252: The Buddhas of Bamiyan - Llewelyn Morgan
3: Rural Life in Medieval Bamiyan - Arezou Azad
4: Connecting Worlds: The Shansabanis of Afghanistan - Alka Patel
5: Islamisation, a closer look - with Majid Montazer Mahdi
6: A Day in Late Antique Bactria (In Persian) - Reza Huseini
Bibliography
This bibliography includes our selection of: 1) studies of documentary sources from the medieval Islamicate East, 2) relevant pre-modern narrative sources in Persian and Arabic, 3) modern studies on the history and archaeology, in particular, of the premodern Islamicate East, and 4) historical dictionaries that are needed for reading and understanding Persian and Middle Persian documents.
Documentary studies on the Islamicate East
Azad, Arezou and P. Firoozbakhsh. ‘No One Can Give You Protection’ – The Reversal of Protection in a Persian Decree Dated 562/1167. In Acts of Protection in Early Islamicate Societies. Paris: Annales islamologiques, 2020: 125-38.
Gignoux, Philippe. 2009. “Les documents économiques de Xwarēn.” In Trésors d’Orient: Mélanges offerts à Rika Gyselen, edited by Philippe Gignoux, Christelle Jullien, and Florence Jullien, 81–102. Paris: Peeters.
Gignoux, Philippe. 2012. “Une archive post-sassanide du Tabaristān (I).” In Objets et documents inscrits en pārsīg, edited by Rika Gyselen, 29–96. Res Orientales, XXI. Bures-sur- Yvette: Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient.
Gignoux, Philippe. 2013. “Les documents de Dādēn dans l’archive de Berkeley/Berlin.” In Commentationes Iranicae: Сборник Статей к 90-Летию Владимира Ароновича Лившица, edited by S. R. Tokhtas’yev and P. B. Lur’ye, 157–65. St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya.
Gignoux, Philippe. 2014. “Une archive post-sassanide du Tabaristān (II).” In Documents, argenterie et monnaies de tradition sassanide, edited by Rika Gyselen, 29–71. Res Orientales, XXII. Bures-sur-Yvette: Groupe pour l’Étude de la Civilisation du Moyen-Orient.
Gignoux, Philippe. 2016. “Une archive post-sassanide du Tabaristān (III).” In Words and symbols: Sasanian objects and the Tabarestān archive, edited by Rika Gyselen, 171–84. Res Orientales, XXIV. Bures-sur-Yvette: Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient.
Gignoux, Philippe. 2019. “Les <Mémoires> dans l’archive pehlevie de Berkeley/Berlin.” In A Thousand Judgements: Festschrift for Maria Macuch, edited by Almut Hintze, Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst, and Claudius Naumann, 127–40. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
Gignoux, Philippe, and Rika Gyselen. 2006. “La relation des sceaux à leur possesseur d’après les documents économiques de la collection de Berkeley.” In Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Societas Iranologica Europæa : held in Ravenna, 6-11 October 2003. Vol. I, Ancient & Middle Iranien studies, 445–50; plates LIII-LIV. Milan: Mimesis.
Gronke, Monika. “Arabische und persische Privaturkunden des 12. und 13. Jahrhunderts aus Ardabil (Aserbeidschan) (Berlin: K. Schwarz, 1982) [Reviewed by Alexander H. Morton in: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 48/2 (1985), 370-71].
Gronke, Monika. “Zur Diplomatik von Kaufverträgen des 12. und 13. Jahrhunderts aus Ardabil,” Zeitschrift der Geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients 59 (1982), 64-79; and related articles by both Herrmann and Gronke.
Haim, Ofir. “Legal Documents and Personal Letters in Early Judaeo-Persian and Early New Persian from Islamic Khurasan (5th/11th Cent.). Unpublished M.A. Thesis.” Hebrew University, 2014.
Haim, Ofir. “An Early Judeo-Persian Letter Sent from Ghazna to Bamiyan (Ms. Heb. 4°8333.29).” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 26 (2016 [2012]): 103-20.
Haim, Ofir, Michael Shenkar, and Sharof Kurbanov. “The earliest Arabic documents written on paper: three letters from Sanjar-Shah (Tajikistan).” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 43 (2016), 141-89.
Haim, Ofir. “Acknowledgement Deeds (Iqrārs) in Early New Persian from the Area of Bamiyan (395-430 AH/1005-1039 CE).” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 29, no. 3 (2019): 415-446.
Haim, Ofir. “‘What Is the “Afghan Geniza”? A Short Guide to the Collection of the Afghan Manuscripts in the National Library of Israel, with the Edition of Two Documents.’ Afghanistan 2, no. 1 (2019):70-90.
Herrmann, Gottfried. Persische Urkunden der Mongolenzeit. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2004. [Reviewed by Judith Pfeiffer in: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17/4 (2007), 464-66].
Humayun, G.S. “Kabin-nama,” Aryana 256 (1965): 1-13.
Humayun, G.S. “Takmila bar maqala-yi kabin-nama” Aryana 258 (1965): 215-20.
Huseini, Said Reza. “The Muqaddam Represented in the pre-Mongol Persian Documents from Ghur,” Afghanistan 4/2 (2021): 91–113.
Huseini, Said Reza. “Acts of Protection represented in Bactrian Documents,” Annales Islamologiques 54 (2021): 107–124.
Huseini, Said Reza. “Chapter 2: Thinking in Arabic, Writing in Sogdian: Arabic-Sogdian Diplomatic Relations in the Early Eighth Century,” in From Samarqand to Toledo - Greek, Sogdian and Arabic Documents and Manuscripts from the Islamicate World and Beyond. Leiden: Brill, 2022, 67–87.
Khan, Geoffrey. Arabic Legal and Administrative Documents in the Cambridge Genizah Collections. Cambridge University Genizah Series 10. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006 [1993].
Khan, Geoffrey, Arabic Documents from Early Islamic Khurasan (London: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions, 2007).
Khwaja Muhammad and Nabi Saqee. Barghā-ī az yak faṣl ya asnād-i tārīkhī-yi Ghur. Kabul: [I]ntishārat-i Saʿīd, 1388/2009.
Kohzad, Ahmad Ali. “Asnād-i khaṭṭī-yi shahr-i ghulghula” (“Handwritten document from Shahr-i ghulghula”) appearing in Ariana 12 (1328/1949), 9-13, (2) Ariana 86 (1328/1049), 15-20, (3) Ariana 87 (1329/1950), 15-24, (4) Ariana 88 (1329/1950), 1-5, and (5) Ariana 89 (1329/1950), 6-10.
Little, Donald. A Catalogue of the Islamic Documents from al-Ḥaram aš-Šarīf in Jerusalem. Beirut; Wiesbaden: In Kommission bei F. Steiner, 1984. [Includes Persian documents, besides better known Arabic documents].
Macuch, Maria. 2016. “The Legal Context of the Tabarestān Court Records (Tab. 1-8, 10).” In Words and symbols: Sasanian objects and the Tabarestān archive, edited by Rika Gyselen, 145–70. Res Orientales, XXIV. Bures-sur-Yvette: Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient.
Macuch, Maria. 2017. “Pahlavi Legal Documents from Tabarestān on Lease, Loan and Compensation: The Juristic Context (Tab. 13, 14, 15, 17, 18 and 23).” In Sasanian coins, Middle-Persian etymology and the Tabarestān archive, edited by Rika Gyselen, 165–95. Res Orientales, XXVI.
Macuch, Maria. 2019. “Pahlavi Legal Documents from Tabarestān. Two Claims and a Re- Evaluation of Crop Yields: The Juristic Context of Tab. 21, 22 and 24.” In Some Aspects of Sasanian Persia and the Tabarestān Archive, edited by Rika Gyselen, 117–50. Res Orientales, XXVII. Bures-sur-Yvette: Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient.
Macuch, Maria. 2020. “Pahlavi Legal Documents from Tabarestān: Two Claims Involving ‘Substitute Succession’ and a Payment Commitment. The Juristic Context of Tab. 11, 28 and 27.” In Persia (552 BCE - 758 CE): primary sources, old and new, edited by Rika Gyselen, 189–213. Res Orientales, XXVIII. Bures-sur-Yvette: Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient.
Matsui, Dai and Ryoko Watabe, “A Persian-Turkic Land Sale Contract of 660 AH/1261–62 CE,” Orient 50 (2015), 41-51.
Minorsky, Vladimir. “Some Early Documents in Persian (II).” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1 (1943): 86-99.
Minorsky, Vladimir. “Some Early Documents in Persian (II),” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1 (1943): 86.
Scarcia, Gianroberto. “A Preliminary Report on a Persian Legal Document of 470/1078 found at Bamiyan.” East and West 14/1-2 (1963), 73-86.
Scarcia, Gianroberto, “An Edition of the Persian Legal Document from Bamiyan,” East and West 16/3-4 (1966), 290-5.
Sims-Williams, Nicholas, Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan I: Legal and Economic Documents, rev. ed. (Oxford: Nour Foundation with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, 2012).
Weber, Dieter. 2003. “The xarāj Taxation and the Pahlavi Document Berk. No. 27” in Azarpay, Guitty, Kathleen Martin, Martin Schwartz, and Dieter Weber. 2003. “New Information on the Date and Function of the Berkeley MP Archive.” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 17: 17–29, 27-29.
Weber, Dieter. 2008. Berliner Pahlavi-Dokumente: Zeugnisse spätsassanidischer Brief- und Rechtskultur aus frühislamischer Zeit. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
Weber, Dieter. 2010. “Two Pahlavi Letters from the Time of Hormizd V (A.D. 630–632).” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 20: 55–63.
Weber, Dieter. 2011. “An Interesting Pahlavi Letter from Early Islamic Times (Berk. 245).”Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 161 (1): 91–98.
Weber, Dieter. 2013. “Taxation in Pahlavi Documents from Early Islamic Times.” In Commentationes Iranicae: Сборник статей к 90-летию Владимира Ароновича Лившица, edited by S. R. Tokhtas’yev and P. B. Lur’ye, 171–81. St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya.
Weber, Dieter. 2014a. “Arabic Activities Reflected in the Documents of the ‘Pahlavi Archive.’” In Documents, argenterie et monnaies de tradition sassanide, edited by Rika Gyselen, 179–89. Res Orientales, XXII. Bures-sur-Yvette: Groupe pour l’Étude de la Civilisation du Moyen-Orient.
Weber, Dieter. 2014b. “Villages and Estates in the Documents from the Pahlavi Archive: The Geographical Background.” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 24: 37–65.
Weber, Dieter. 2015. “Testing Food and Garment for the ‘Ōstāndār’: Two Unpublished Documents from the ‘Pahlavi Archive’ in Berkeley, CA.” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 25: 31–37.
Weber, Dieter. 2016a. “Court Records of Lawsuits in Tabarestān in the Year 86/7 PYE (737 CE): A Philological Examination.” In Words and symbols: Sasanian objects and the Tabarestān archive, edited by Rika Gyselen, 121–44. Res Orientales, XXIV. Bures-sur- Yvette: Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient.
Weber, Dieter. 2016b. “Studies in Some Documents from the ‘Pahlavi Archive.’” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 26: 61–95.
Weber, Dieter. 2016c. “Two Documents from Tabarestān Reconsidered (Tab. 12 and 26).” In Words and symbols: Sasanian objects and the Tabarestān archive, edited by Rika Gyselen, 185–92. Res Orientales, XXIV. Bures-sur-Yvette: Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient.
Weber, Dieter. 2017. “Accountancy of a Zoroastrian Craftsman in Early Islamic Times (662-664 C.E.).” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 28 (27): 129–41.
Weber, Dieter. 2018. “Pahlavi Documents of Windādburzmihrābād, the Estate of a Zoroastrian Entrepreneur in Early Islamic Times (With an Excursus on the Origin of the Fulanabad- Type of Village Names).” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 28: 127–47.
Weber, Dieter. 2019a. “Pahlavi Legal Documents from Tabarestān. Two Claims and a Re- Evaluation of Crop Yields: A Philological Study of Tab. 21, 22 and 24.” In Some Aspects of Sasanian Persia and the Tabarestān Archive, edited by Rika Gyselen, 91–115. Res Orientales, XXVII. Bures-sur-Yvette: Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient.
Weber, Dieter. 2019b. “The Story of Windād Burzmihr: A Zoroastrian Entrepreneur in Early Islamic Times.” In A thousand judgements: Festschrift for Maria Macuch, edited by Almut Hintze, Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst, and Claudius Naumann, 373–84. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
Weber, Dieter. 2020. “Pahlavi Legal Documents from Tabarestān: The Documents Tab. 11, 28 and 27: A Philological Approach.” In Persia (552 BCE - 758 CE): primary sources, old and new, edited by Rika Gyselen, 171–88. Res Orientales, XXVIII. Bures-sur-Yvette: Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient
Premodern narrative sources
Anon. Ḥudūd al-ʿālam = “The Regions of the World”; A Persian Geography, 372 A.H.–982 A.D., tr. Vladimir Minorsky, ed. C. Edmund Bosworth. London: Luzac, 1970 [1937].
Anon. Ḥudūd al-ʿālam, ed. Maryam Mīr-Aḥmadī and Ghulām-Riḍā Warharām. Tehran: Chāpkhāna-yi Dānishgāh-i al-Zahrāʾ, 2004–5.
Anon. al-Mukhtarāt min al-rasāʾil: majmūʿah-ʼāt va faramīn va aḥkām divānī va sharʿī va ʿarfi-yi az qurūn panjum va shishum va haftum hijrī az ravī-yi naskhah-i kitābkhanih Vasirī-yi Yazd. Ed. Iraj Afshar. Tehran: Anjuman-i Āshār-i Millī, 2535/1976.
Anon.Yawāqīt al-ʿulūm. Ed. Muḥammad Taqī Dānish-pazhūh. Tehran: Bunyād-i Farhang-i Īrān, 1967.
Bābur, Ẓahīr al-Dīn. Bābur Nāma (Memoires of Bābur) – Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru’d-dīn Muḥammad Bābur Pādshāh Ghāzī by Annette Susannah Beveridge. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, 1970 [1922]). 2 vols in 1.
al-Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā. Futūḥ al-buldān, ed. Michael Jan de Goeje. Leiden: Brill, 1866.
al-Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-Balādhurī. Futūḥ al-buldān, tr. Francis C. Balʿamī, Abū ʿAlī Muḥammad b. Muḥammad.
Balʿamī, Abū ʿAlī. Tārīkh-i Balʿamī, ed. Parvīn Gunābādī et al. Tehran, Kitābfurūshī-yi Zavvār, 1353/1974.
Bayhaqī, Abū al-Faḍl Muḥammad b. Ḥusayn. Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī, ed. ʿAlī Akbar Fayyāḍ. Tehran: Kitābkhāna-yi Millī-yi Īrān, 1383/2004–5.
Bayhaqī, Abū al-Faḍl Muḥammad b. Ḥusayn. The History of Beyhaqi: The History of Sultan Masʿud of Ghazna, 1030–1041, tr. C. E. Bosworth and Mohsen Ashtiany. 3 vols. Boston: Ilex Foundation, 2011.
Gardīzī, Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Ḥayy b. al-Ḍaḥḥāk. The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic lands AD 650–1041; The Original Text of Abû Saʿîd ʿAbd al-Ḥayy Gardīzī, tr. C. E. Bosworth. London: I. B. Tauris and BIPS Persian Studies
Series, 2011.
Ibn Baṭṭūṭa. The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354, tr. Charles-François Defrémery and Adrian D. H. Bivar. 5 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and Hakluyt Society, 1958–2000.
Ibn al-Faqīh, Kitāb al-Buldān, ed. M. J. de Goeje. Leiden: Brill, 1967.
Ibn al-Faqīh. Collections of Geographical Works by Ibn al-Faqīh, Ibn Faḍlān, Abū Dulaf al-Khazrajī, facs. ed. Fuat Sezgin. Frankfurt am Main: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science, 1987.
Ibn Ḥawqal, Abū al-Qāsim b. ʿAlī. Ṣūrat al-arḍ, ed. Michael Jan de Goeje. Leiden: Brill, 1873.
Ibn Ḥawqal, Abū al-Qāsim b. ʿAlī. Configuration de la Terre, tr. Johannes Hendrik Kramers and Gaston Wiet. Beirut: Commission Internationale pour la Traduction des Chefs-d’œuvre, 1964.
Ibn Khaldūn. Al-Muqaddima. Tr. Franz Rosenthal. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2020 [1958].
Ibn Khurrādādbih, Abū al-Qāsim ʿUbayd Allāh. Kitāb al-Masālik wa-l-mamālik, ed. M. J. de Goeje, pt. 6. Leiden: Brill, 1889.
al-Idrīsī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. Description de l’Afrique et de l’Espagne: Texte arabe avec une tr., des notes et un glossaire par R. Dozy et M.J. de Goeje (Kitāb Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq). Leiden: Brill, 1866.
al-Iṣṭakhrī, Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad Abū Isḥāq. Kitāb Masālik al-mamālik, ed. Michael Jan de Goeje. Leiden: Brill, 1927.
Juwaynī, ʿAṭā Malik b. Muḥammad. Tārīkh-i Jahāngushāy, ed. Muḥammad Qazwīnī. Tehran: Chāpkhāna-yi Khāvar, 1337/1958. Tr. by John Boyle as: The History of the World Conqueror. 2 vols. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997 [1958].
Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj. Ṭabaqāt-i Nāṣirī, ed. ʿAbd al-Ḥayy Ḥabībī, 2nd ed. Kābul: Anjuman-i Tārīkhī Afghānistān, 1342-43/1963-64. 2 vols.
Jūzjānī, Minhāj al-Dīn, Ṭabaqāt-i Nāṣirī, ed. ʿAbd al-Ḥayy Ḥabībī, repr. Tehran: Dunyā-yi Kitāb, 1363/1984-85. [accessed via: https://lib.eshia.ir/10516/1/1]
Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj. English translation of the Tabaqāt-i-Nāṣirī, in two parts, part.1 historical and & bibliographical, part. 11. Geographical, tr. Henry G. Raverty. Calcutta, Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1897.
Khwārizmī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Mafātiḥ al-ʿUlūm (Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1984).
Marquart, Joseph. Ērānšahr nach der Geographie des Ps. Moses Xorenac’i (Berlin: Weidmannische Buchhandlung, 1901.
al-Masʿūdī, Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn. Kitāb al-Tanbīh wa-l-ishrāf, 2nd ed., ed. Michael Jan de Goeje. Leiden: Brill, 1893–94.
al-Muqaddasī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad. Kitāb Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm, ed. Michael Jan de Goeje. Leiden: Brill, 1906.
al-Muqaddasī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad. The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions, tr. Basil Collins and Muhammad Hamid al-Tai. Doha: Centre for Muslim Contribution to Civilization and Garnet, 1994.
Narshakhī, Muḥammad b. Jaʿfar. Tārīkh-i Bukhārā, ed. Mudarris Raẓawī et al. ([Tehran]: Intishārāt-i Bunyād-i Farhang-i Īrān, 1351/1972-73. Translated as: The History of Bukhara, tr. Richard Frye. Cambridge, Mass.: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1954.
Rashīd al-Din Ṭabīb. Mukātabāt-i Rashīdī: yaʿnī rasāʿilī. Ed. Mohammad Shafi. Lahore: Nashrīyāt-i Kullīya-yi Panjāb, 1367/1947.
al-Samʿānī, ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Muḥammad al-Samʿānī. Kitāb al-Ansāb, ed. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Yaḥyā al-Muʿallimī, in 13 vols. Hyderabad: Maṭbūʿāt Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, 1962.
Shabānkāraʿī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. Majmaʿ al-ansāb fi ’l-tawārīkh. Ed. Mīr Ḥāshim Muḥaddith. Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1381/2002-3.
al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad. Tārīkh al-rusul wa-‘l-mulūk. Ed. M.J. de Goeje, in 15 vols and 3 series (Leiden: Brill, 1879-1901).
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